Ī few Viking Age rings with runic inscriptions of apparently magical nature were found, among them the Kingmoor Ring. The origin and meaning of the word are matters of dispute, though a general agreement exists among scholars that the word either represents amulet magic or is a metaphor (or metonym) for it. The word is the most common of the early runic charm words and can appear either alone or as part of an apparent formula. Many inscriptions also have apparently meaningless utterances interpreted as magical chants, such as tuwatuwa ( Vadstena bracteate), aaduaaaliia (DR BR42) or g͡æg͡og͡æ ( Undley bracteate), g͡ag͡ag͡a ( Kragehul I).Īlu is a charm word appearing on numerous artifacts found in Central and Northern Europe dating from the Germanic Iron Age. on Seeland-II-C or the Lindholm amulet in the aaaaaaaazzznnn-b- muttt, sequence, which besides stacked Tyr involves multiple repetition of Ansuz, but also triple occurrence of Algiz and Naudiz. The Sigrdrífumál instruction of "name Tyr twice" is reminiscent of the double or triple "stacked Tyr" bindrunes found e.g.
The Ansuz and Tiwaz runes in particular seem to have had magical significance in the early ( Elder Futhark) period. The inscription on the Kylver stone ends with a stacked bind rune combining six Tiwaz runes used to invoke the god Tyr and four Ansuz runes to invoke the Æsir. It is often debated whether "signs" refers specifically to runes or to other marks both interpretations are plausible and Tacitus does not give enough detail for a definite decision to be made. If they allow it, further confirmation is required by taking auspices. If the lots forbid an undertaking, there is no deliberation that day about the matter in question. Then the state's priest, if it is an official consultation, or the father of the family, in a private one, offers prayer to the gods and looking up towards heaven picks up three strips, one at a time, and, according to which sign they have previously been marked with, makes his interpretation. They cut off a branch from a nut-bearing tree and slice it into strips these they mark with different signs and throw them at random onto a white cloth. Their usual procedure with the lot is simple. They attach the highest importance to the taking of auspices and casting lots. Tacitus ( Germania 10) gives a detailed account (98AD): Historically it is known that the Germanic peoples used various forms of divination and means of reading omens.
5th to 7th century), bearing the inscription alu.
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